Competency-Based Surgical Training through the Lens of Yogya Vidhi: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: Safe and effective surgical practice requires more than theoretical knowledge; it demands training, competence and ethical preparedness. The concept of Yogya Vidhi described in the Sutrasthana of Sushruta Samhita represents earliest systematic approaches to surgical training. Its relevance in the context of modern surgical education warrants critical evaluation. Methods: This narrative critical review was conducted through systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar (2000–2024), supplemented by analysis of Ayurvedic texts including Sushruta Samhita and Dalhana's Nibandhasangraha commentary. Search terms included "Yogya Vidhi," "competency-based medical education," "simulation-based surgical training," "Entrustable Professional Activities" and "deliberate practice." A total of 19 sources were included after screening. Results: The principles of Yogya Vidhi — including simulation-based practice on tissue-analog models (Sādharmya), stepwise skill acquisition, deliberate repetition (Abhyasa), supervised mentorship (Guru–Shishya paradigm), and ethical discipline — demonstrate conceptual alignment with contemporary frameworks including simulation-based surgical training, Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs), competency-based progression and patient safety protocols. These principles reflect advanced understanding of psychomotor skill development, neuromuscular learning and risk minimization that predates modern surgical pedagogy by centuries. Conclusion: Yogya Vidhi offers conceptually robust and educationally relevant framework for surgical training whose principles align with evidence-based modern methodologies. However, its direct applicability is constrained by the absence of standardized outcome metrics and empirical validation studies. Integrating Yogya Vidhi with contemporary simulation technologies and competency frameworks within a hybrid training model may enhance surgical proficiency, reduce errors, and strengthen ethical practice with implications for both Ayurvedic and mainstream surgical education systems.